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Handbook
1 Introduction
The Problem
COST 341
The Handbook
Roads, railways and waterways
Measures described in the handbook
New and existing network
The European approach
2 Users’ Guide
3 Effects of Infrastructure on Nature
3.1 Defining habitat fragmentation
3.2 Ecological effects of transport infrastructure
3.3 Primary ecological effects
3.4 Secondary ecological effects
3.5 Landscape ecology perspectives
4 Developing Integrated Solutions
4.1 Countering the threat of habitat fragmentation
4.2 The importance of early consideration of habitat fragmentation
4.3 Integrated solutions
5 Planning Tools
5.1 Planning to avoid and reduce fragmentation
5.2 At the strategic planning phase (SEA)
5.3 At the project planning phase (EIA)
5.4 Fragmentation impact assessment of the new infrastructure and EIA
5.5 Existing structures
5.6 Upgrading roads and railways
5.7 Costs and benefits
5.8 Recommendations
6 Integration of Infrastructure into Landscape
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Alignment
6.3 Earthworks: cuttings and embankments
6.4 Design solutions
6.5 Conclusions
7 Fauna Passages and other solutions
7.1 General approach
7.2 Reducing the barrier effect: overpasses
7.3 Reducing the barrier effect: underpasses
7.4 Avoiding and reducing animal mortality
7.5 Reducing the barrier effect and mortality: other measures
8 Ecological Compensation
8.1 The concept of ecological compensation
8.2 Legal obligations
8.3 Achieving ecological compensation in infrastructure projects
8.4 Mitigation banking
9 Monitoring and Evaluation
9.1 General principles of monitoring
9.2 Designing a monitoring programme
9.3 Quality control during the construction phase
9.4 Methods for monitoring fauna casualties and the use of fauna passages
10 Maintenance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Developing an adaptive ecological asset maintenance plan
10.3. Maintenance requirements for ecological asset and wildlife management
10.4 Maintenance tasks sheets
Annexes
Annex 1. Glossary
Annex 2 Abbreviations
Annex 3. Cost 341 participants
Annex 4: Related websites
Annex 5: Handbooks and guidelines
The complete handbook
Transport Ecology Guidelines Portal
Project Websites
Publications
About IENE
Partners
Contact
Wildlife & Traffic
A European Handbook for Identifying Conflicts and Designing Solutions
10 Maintenance of ecological assets on transport linear infrastructure
September 2020
Contents
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Developing an adaptive ecological asset maintenance plan
10.3. Maintenance requirements for ecological asset and wildlife management
10.4 Maintenance tasks sheets
Maintenance of fencing: meshes and poles
Maintenance of fencing: escape devices
Maintenance of cattle grids
Maintenance of screens installed to reduce disturbances
Maintenance of amphibian/small fauna fences
Maintenance of ecoducts, wildlife and multiuse overpasses
Maintenance of viaducts, wildlife and multiuse underpasses
Maintenance of modified culverts
Maintenance of amphibian tunnels
Maintenance of wildlife awareness signs
Maintenance of signs activated by Animal Detection Systems (ADS)
Management of vegetation
Management of habitats for pollinators and other small fauna
Control of Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
Management of verges to reduce forest fire risk in sensitive areas
Management of retention ponds to wildlife
Management of road killed animals
Management of Animal-Vehicle Collisions (AVC) data
10.5 References
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 2. Fields to be included in the ecological asset database. Example of a wildlife crossing description form
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