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Handbook
1 Introduction
The Problem
COST 341
The Handbook
Roads, railways and waterways
Measures described in the handbook
New and existing network
The European approach
2 Users’ Guide
3 Effects of Infrastructure on Nature
3.1 Defining habitat fragmentation
3.2 Ecological effects of transport infrastructure
3.3 Primary ecological effects
3.4 Secondary ecological effects
3.5 Landscape ecology perspectives
4 Developing Integrated Solutions
4.1 Countering the threat of habitat fragmentation
4.2 The importance of early consideration of habitat fragmentation
4.3 Integrated solutions
5 Planning Tools
5.1 Planning to avoid and reduce fragmentation
5.2 At the strategic planning phase (SEA)
5.3 At the project planning phase (EIA)
5.4 Fragmentation impact assessment of the new infrastructure and EIA
5.5 Existing structures
5.6 Upgrading roads and railways
5.7 Costs and benefits
5.8 Recommendations
6 Integration of Infrastructure into Landscape
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Alignment
6.3 Earthworks: cuttings and embankments
6.4 Design solutions
6.5 Conclusions
7 Fauna Passages and other solutions
7.1 General approach
7.2 Reducing the barrier effect: overpasses
7.3 Reducing the barrier effect: underpasses
7.4 Avoiding and reducing animal mortality
7.5 Reducing the barrier effect and mortality: other measures
8 Ecological Compensation
8.1 The concept of ecological compensation
8.2 Legal obligations
8.3 Achieving ecological compensation in infrastructure projects
8.4 Mitigation banking
9 Monitoring and Evaluation
9.1 General principles of monitoring
9.2 Designing a monitoring programme
9.3 Quality control during the construction phase
9.4 Methods for monitoring fauna casualties and the use of fauna passages
Annexes
Annex 1. Glossary
Annex 2 Abbreviations
Annex 3. Cost 341 participants
Annex 4: Related websites
Annex 5: Handbooks and guidelines
The complete handbook
Transport Ecology Guidelines Portal
Project Websites
Publications
About IENE
Partners
Contact
Infra Eco Network Europe (IENE)
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