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Handbook
1 Introduction

The Problem

COST 341

The Handbook

Roads, railways and waterways

Measures described in the handbook

New and existing network

The European approach

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2 Users’ Guide

How to use this Handbook

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3 Effects of Infrastructure on Nature

3.1 Defining habitat fragmentation

3.2 Ecological effects of transport infrastructure

3.3 Primary ecological effects

3.4 Secondary ecological effects

3.5 Landscape ecology perspectives

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4 Developing Integrated Solutions

4.1 Countering the threat of habitat fragmentation

4.2 The importance of early consideration of habitat fragmentation

4.3 Integrated solutions

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5 Planning Tools

5.1 Planning to avoid and reduce fragmentation

5.2 At the strategic planning phase (SEA)

5.3 At the project planning phase (EIA)

5.4 Fragmentation impact assessment of the new infrastructure and EIA

5.5 Existing structures

5.6 Upgrading roads and railways

5.7 Costs and benefits

5.8 Recommendations

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6 Integration of Infrastructure into Landscape

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Alignment

6.3 Earthworks: cuttings and embankments

6.4 Design solutions

6.5 Conclusions

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7 Solutions to reduce transport infrastructure impacts on wildlife

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Reducing wildlife mortality

7.3 Other measures to reduce mortality and disturbance

7.4 Reducing barrier effect: wildlife passages

7.5 References

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8 Ecological Compensation

8.1 The concept of ecological compensation

8.2 Legal obligations

8.3 Achieving ecological compensation in infrastructure projects

8.4 Mitigation banking

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9 Monitoring and Evaluation

9.1 General principles of monitoring

9.2 Designing a monitoring programme

9.3 Quality control during the construction phase

9.4 Methods for monitoring fauna casualties and the use of fauna passages

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10 Maintenance of ecological assets on transport linear infrastructure

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Developing an adaptive ecological asset maintenance plan

10.3. Maintenance requirements for ecological asset and wildlife management

10.4 Maintenance tasks sheets

10.5 References

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Annex 1. Glossary

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